Gaurab Chakrabarti: Solugen’s fusion of biology and chemistry boosts chemical yields, leveraging pancreatic cancer mechanisms for hydrogen peroxide, and the importance of deep customer understanding | Y Combinator Startup Podcast

Solugen's innovative enzyme-based process revolutionizes chemical manufacturing, offering sustainable alternatives to traditional methods.

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Add us on Google by Editorial Team Mar. 23, 2026

Key takeaways

• Solugen’s process combines biology with chemistry to significantly improve chemical manufacturing efficiency.
• The company is pioneering the fusion of biological enzymes with metal catalysts to achieve higher yields.
• Leveraging the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer cells, Solugen developed a novel method for producing industrial hydrogen peroxide.
• Organic enzymes can operate efficiently at an industrial scale, challenging traditional chemical production beliefs.
• Cygene’s strategy of building a low-cost reactor enabled rapid market entry and scaling.
• Initial manual production processes at Solugen highlighted the resourcefulness required in early-stage startups.
• Deep customer understanding is crucial for developing successful products and achieving product-market fit.
• A startup’s core idea can remain unchanged even as its execution and scale evolve.
• The efficiency of enzymes used in Solugen’s production process results in high output from minimal input.
• Creating a culture that embraces failure is essential for fostering innovation and problem-solving.
• Solugen’s unique approach provides a competitive advantage in the chemical manufacturing industry.
• The integration of biology and chemistry in production processes promotes environmentally friendly practices.

Guest intro

Gaurab Chakrabarti is the co-founder and CEO of Solugen, a company reinventing the chemical manufacturing industry through enzymatic and catalytic production processes. He founded Solugen in 2016 after applying enzymes from his pancreatic cancer research to create sustainable alternatives like hydrogen peroxide from sugar feedstocks instead of oil and gas. A physician-scientist with an MD and PhD from the University of Texas, he has grown Solugen from a $7,000 PVC reactor into a billion-dollar enterprise.

Solugen’s innovative approach to chemical manufacturing

• Solugen combines biology and chemistry to enhance manufacturing efficiency.

• We’ve invented a process called chemiensomatic processing where we take the specificity of biology by taking an enzyme and pairing it with a metal catalyst… you can actually create more efficient reactions so instead of having a 60% yield you can have 96% yield.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• The fusion of enzymes from living cells with metal catalysts is a unique approach in the industry.

• Solugen is the first company to fuse biology and chemistry in this way pulling enzymes from living cells in this case corn syrup and pairing them with novel metal catalysts.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• Solugen’s process significantly improves yield, showcasing technological advancement.
• The company’s innovative methods promote environmentally friendly practices.
• Solugen’s approach provides a competitive advantage in chemical manufacturing.
• Understanding the significance of combining biological enzymes with metal catalysts is crucial for appreciating Solugen’s process.

Leveraging biological mechanisms for industrial processes

• Solugen uses pancreatic cancer cell mechanisms to create industrial hydrogen peroxide.

• It turned out that an obscure enzyme found in pancreatic cancer cells that gorb was studying was the key to a new process for making industrial hydrogen peroxide… what if enzymes and metal catalysts could coexist.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• This novel application showcases innovation in chemical production.
• Organic enzymes can operate at industrial scale and efficiency.

• We said let’s just suspend that criticism for a second and just look at the numbers and we say if we can make the enzyme last this long on stream and the product is this concentration we can make a lot of money.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• The potential for biological processes to be economically viable challenges traditional beliefs.
• Understanding biochemical processes in pancreatic cancer is key to this innovation.
• Solugen’s approach demonstrates the potential of integrating biology with industrial chemistry.

Strategic innovation in startup funding and scaling

• Cygene built its first reactor for just $10,000, allowing rapid market entry.

• Cygene took a different approach they built their first reactor for just $10,000 and then started selling to customers almost immediately gradually they scaled up to larger and larger plants.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• This strategy highlights operational efficiency and resourcefulness.
• Initial product was made manually due to budget constraints.

• We couldn’t afford any controls right so this is a total manual operation we’d come in in the morning we would try to get this reactor to a steady state.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• Manual production processes illustrate the challenges faced by early-stage startups.
• Understanding typical funding and scaling strategies in biotech startups is essential.
• Cygene’s approach informs other entrepreneurs about strategic innovation.

Importance of customer understanding in product development

• Deep customer knowledge is crucial for building successful products.

• It was really like for me it was like grad school for customers this is how i i look at yc where it’s like the second you have a phd in your customer and you’re an expert in their world then you know exactly what you can and can’t build.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• Understanding customers helps achieve product-market fit.
• Y Combinator’s approach emphasizes customer development.
• Customer insights guide the development of products that meet market needs.
• Entrepreneurs benefit from understanding their customers deeply.
• Customer knowledge is a key principle in entrepreneurship.
• Building a successful product requires expertise in the customer’s world.

Stability of core ideas in evolving startups

• A startup’s core idea can remain unchanged despite changes in execution and scale.

• I don’t think the idea like the core idea has changed one bit since the blue beaker phase literally the same yeah it’s just like a million times longer.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• Foundational ideas provide stability as startups grow.
• Understanding the evolution of startups is crucial for entrepreneurs.
• Changes in scale and execution do not necessarily alter the core concept.
• Entrepreneurs should focus on the stability of their foundational ideas.
• The core idea’s stability is valuable for long-term success.
• Startups can evolve while maintaining their original vision.

Efficiency in enzyme-based production processes

• The enzyme used in production is highly efficient, allowing for significant output.

• We feed in one coke bottle of enzyme and you get two to four tanker trucks of product that’s how efficient the enzyme is.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• High enzyme efficiency demonstrates the effectiveness of Solugen’s technology.
• Minimal input results in substantial production output.
• Understanding the role of enzymes in chemical manufacturing is essential.
• Solugen’s production process showcases technological advancement.
• The efficiency of enzymes is a critical aspect of the production process.
• Solugen’s approach highlights the potential of enzyme-based manufacturing.

Embracing failure to foster innovation

• Creating a culture that embraces failure is crucial for innovation.

• It’s like just creating a culture that’s willing to like be wrong and solve those problems is actually what’s most important right now.

  — Gaurab Chakrabarti

• A failure-tolerant culture fosters problem-solving and innovation.
• Companies in rapidly evolving industries benefit from embracing failure.
• Innovation requires a mindset that accepts and learns from mistakes.
• Cultural mindset is vital for addressing future challenges.
• Embracing failure is essential for companies in emerging technologies.
• Innovation thrives in a culture that encourages experimentation and learning.

Disclosure: This article was edited by Editorial Team. For more information on how we create and review content, see our Editorial Policy.